在essay写作的过程中,有很多同学发现自己很多很好的观点或者思路无法流畅清晰地表达。最能够直观改善问题也最容易被我们忽略的就是transition(过渡)的使用。今天我们为大家介绍北美大学论文必备的Transition Words。
在essay写作的过程中,有很多同学发现自己很多很好的观点无法流畅清晰地表达,有时候也会因为观点和观点之间过于跳跃让教授无法follow自己的思路,最后影响论文成绩。造成这种问题的原因有很多种,但是最能够直观改善问题也是最容易被我们忽略的就是transition words and phrases的使用。
过渡词就是文章中用一定词或词组,提示前后意思之间的联系,将他们有机联系起来,自然而然的由上文转入下文。在写作的过程中,过渡词可以帮助文章写作推进,同时也可以让整个文章更加有机的连接。下面我们就按照过渡词的使用语境和种类来详细介绍常见的transition words。
Additive Transitions 表示递进
这种过渡词可能是我们最常见的。它的出现通常代表一个新观点的出现,同时这个新观点和这个词之前出现的观点相近或者性质相近。通常情况下,在这些过渡词之后都需要加逗号与其他内容分开。
Indeed
In the first place
And
Or
Too
Nor
Further
Moreover
Furthermore
In fact
Let alone
Alternatively
As well (as this)
What is more
In addition (to this)
Actually
Much less
On the other hand
Either (neither)
As a matter of fact
Besides (this)
To say nothing of
Additionally
Not to mention (this)
Not only (this) but also (that) as well
In all honesty
To tell the truth
下面就是一个非常典型的例子:
“In the first place, no ‘burning’ in the sense of combustion, as in the burning of wood, occurs in a volcano; moreover, volcanoes are not necessarily mountains; furthermore, the activity takes place not always at the summit but more commonly on the sides or flanks….”
– Fred Bullard, “Volcanoes in History, in Theory, in Eruption
Adversative Transitions 表示转折
转折过渡词通常代表着不同观点的冲突,矛盾,让步还有否认。比较常见的转折过渡词如下:
But
However
On the other hand
In contrast
While
Whereas
Conversely
Even more
Above all
But even so
Nevertheless
Nonetheless
Although
Though
However
(And) still
(And) yet
Either way
In either case
(Or) at least
Whichever happens
Whatever happens
In ether event
下面是一个比较经典的例子:
“On the other hand, professor Smith completely disagreed with the author’s argument.”
Causal Transitions 表示因果
因果关系过渡词体现了一个事件(即“因”)和第二个事件(即“果”)之间的作用关系,其中后一事件被认为是前一事件的结果。对于读者来说,这种转折词的使用可以更好的理清行文的逻辑关系,更加明确论证的合理性和清晰性。常用的因果关系过渡词如下:
Accordingly
And so
As a result
Consequently
For this reason
Hence
So
Then
Therefore
Thus
Granting (that)
On the condition (that)
In the event that
As a result (of this)
Because (of this)
As a consequence
Consequently
In consequence
So much (so) that
For the purpose of
With this intention
With this in mind
Under those circumstances
That being the case
Then
在蕾切尔卡尔森的名著《寂静的春天》就给我们提供了一些很直观的例子:
“The study of human chromosomes is in its infancy, and so it has only recently become possible to study the effect of environmental factors upon them.”
Sequential Transitions 表示时间
时间顺序过渡词即点明按照事理发展过程的先后来介绍某一事物的说明顺序的过渡词。可以来说明生产技术、产品制作、工作方法、历史发展、文字演变、人物成长、动植物生长等等,最终表明事物发展的序列、延续、恢复或总结。以下是常用时间顺序过渡词:
In the (first, second, third, etc.) place
To begin with
To start with
Initially
Secondly
Next
Subsequently
Before
Afterward
After this
To conclude with
As a final point
Last but not least
To change the topic
Incidentally
By the way
To get back to the point
To resume
Anyhow
As was previously stated
So
In short
Thus
In sum
Finally
以下是时间顺序过渡词的典型运用:
“We should teach that words are not the things to which they refer. We should teach that words are best understood as convenient tools for handling reality….Finally, we should teach widely that new words can and should be invented if the need arises.”
–Karol Janicki, “Language Misconceived”
总得来说,准确使用过渡词可以让我们的文章行文流畅,逻辑清晰,对于读者来说也更加容易理解。
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